एक रिटेल चेन व्यक्तिगत ऑफ़र और अनुशंसाएँ भेजने के लिए ग्राहक खरीद इतिहास का उपयोग करती है। यह किसका एक उदाहरण है?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Brand equity enables firms to charge premium prices and build long-term customer loyalty. Reason (R): Brand equity is developed only through extensive advertising expenditure by the firm. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

If a chipmaker offers PC manufacturers a 2.5% discount for settling their bill within 7 days instead of the standard 30 days, the chipmaker is providing a: