एक मिट्टी के नमूने का स्थूल इकाई भार (bulk unit weight) 20 kN/m3 और जलांश (water content) 20% है। इसके शुष्क इकाई भार (dry unit weight) की गणना करें।

A rigid retaining wall 5 m high is restrained from yielding. The backfill consists of cohesionless soil having φ' = 30° and unit weight of soil γ = 18 kN/m3. Compute the total earth pressure per metre length of the wall at rest. (Consider sin(30°) = 0.5, cos(30°) = 0.866)

Calculate the average contact pressure (in kN/m2) directly beneath a square footing of dimensions 4 m × 4 m carrying a vertical load of 200 kN.