एक माता-पिता जो छोटे बच्चे के लिए आवश्यक आयु-उपयुक्त व्यवहार पर दृढ़ सीमाएं तय करने में विफल रहते हैं, वे किस पेरेंटिंग शैली का उपयोग कर रहे होंगे?

Given below are two statements: Statement I: Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development proposes that in the 'Pre-conventional' level, moral reasoning is based primarily on external rewards and punishments. Statement II: In the 'Post-conventional' level, individuals move beyond social rules to follow universal ethical principles and their own conscience. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the crisis associated with early childhood (toddlerhood) is: