एक बड़े निकाय में 1 eV ऊर्जा जोड़ने पर उसका तापमान (27°C) नहीं बदला, जबकि इसने सूक्ष्म-अवस्थाओं (microstates) की संख्या को एक कारक r से बदल दिया। r की कोटि (order) क्या है? [नोट: 1 eV / kB ≈ 11600 K]

A binary alloy consists of NA A-type and NB B-type atoms on a simple cubic lattice. Nearby neighbors interact with attractive energy -J (J > 0) between like pairs (AA or BB) and repulsive energy +J between unlike pairs (AB). If N is the total number of sites, the average energy of the system at high temperature (kBT ≫ J) is:

Consider a one-dimensional lattice (with lattice spacing a) along X-axis with sites labelled by x = 0, 1, 2, ..., L. A particle carrying charge -q can occupy any one of these sites. An electric field of strength E is applied in the positive x-direction. The average energy of the particle at temperature T (in the limit L → ∞) is (β = 1kB T):