अनुसंधान पद्धति (research methodology) में उपयोग की जाने वाली परिकल्पना (hypothesis) के प्रकार निम्नलिखित में से कौन से हैं? A. वर्णनात्मक (Descriptive) B. शून्य (Null) C. भ्रामक (Confounding) D. मध्यवर्ती (Intervening) E. व्याख्यात्मक/कारणवाचक (Explanatory/Causal) नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनें:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: