अधिगम के सामाजिक-संरचनावादी (social-constructivist) दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार, निम्नलिखित में से किसे सार्थक अधिगम प्राप्त करने के लिए एक प्रभावी तरीका नहीं माना जाता है?

In a classroom, a teacher repeatedly pairs a particular sound with handing out homework. Over time, students react to the sound with disappointment even before homework is given. Which learning theory best explains this scenario?

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, in which stage is the conditioned response (CR) elicited directly by the conditioned stimulus (CS)?