Current Affairs · Science and Technology

With the global advancement of biotechnology in oncology, several research centers are conducting trials on innovative cancer therapies. Which of the following statements about mRNA-based cancer vaccine platforms and general oncology research up to 2025 is/are true? 1. Collaborative research involving molecular biology institutes globally has led to the development of personalized mRNA cancer vaccines designed to trigger immune responses against specific tumor markers. 2. Unlike traditional vaccines that use inactivated pathogens, mRNA-based cancer vaccines deliver genetic instructions to produce tumor-specific antigens within the body. 3. Early-stage safety trials typically assess small cohorts of volunteers to establish tolerability, immune cell activation, and monitoring for adverse effects.