Economics · Economy

With reference to mechanisms used to promote infrastructure financing in India, consider the following statements: I. The Infrastructure Risk Guarantee framework provides partial credit guarantees to lenders, whereas Viability Gap Funding involves direct budgetary support to make economically justified but financially unviable projects attractive. II. The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) functions as a sovereign-backed fund that invests in infrastructure projects but does not provide guarantees to lenders. III. Sovereign guarantees, unlike credit guarantee schemes, necessarily involve immediate fiscal outgo and are reflected as direct expenditure in the government budget. IV. Viability Gap Funding is typically restricted to operational-stage projects and does not extend support during the project development or construction phase. Which of the statements given above are correct?