Environment & Ecology · Decarbonization & Marine Shipping

With reference to measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, consider the following statements: I. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted mandatory carbon-intensity measures such as the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) for ships. II. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), though cleaner than many conventional marine fuels on some parameters, cannot be treated as a zero-carbon fuel at the point of use. III. Green ammonia and green hydrogen are being explored as alternative marine fuels because their use can avoid carbon dioxide emissions at the point of combustion. IV. International shipping emissions are generally dealt with principally through the International Maritime Organization (IMO) framework rather than being comprehensively incorporated in national Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris regime. Which of the statements given above are correct?