Which of the following steps of inference corresponds to application ('upanaya') according to Classical Indian Logicians?

The statement 'a sense organ that perceives a property also perceives the propertyness as well as the absence of that property' can be attributed to which of the following schools of classical Indian Philosophy?

Which of the following Indian thought systems holds that the universal relation (vyapti) in the case of inference (anumana) cannot be determined because there is always room for doubt about unobserved cases?