Indian Polity · Polity

Which of the following statements regarding the historical development and classification of administrative systems are correct? 1. Recruitment for higher posts in the British civil service was historically linked with graduates from Oxford and Cambridge universities who belonged to aristocratic families. 2. Patronage bureaucracy, also known as the 'spoils system', was the established administrative model in England until the end of the first half of the 19th century. 3. In the classification of bureaucracies in developing countries, a party-state bureaucracy is characterized by the state administrative structure being dominated by the party bureaucracy. 4. Representative bureaucracies act as de-facto ruling elements where both political and administrative decision-making is concentrated in the hands of bureaucrats. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: