Which of the following options are true regarding inference (Anumana) with reference to the classical Indian system of logic? (A) It is deductive (B) It is inductive (C) It has to be formally valid (D) It has to be materially true Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: As per the Classical Indian School of Logic (Nyaya), the argument 'sound is a quality because it is visible' is fallacious. Reason R: In the above argument, the middle term (hetu) by its very nature cannot be present in the minor term (paksha), leading to the fallacy of Svarupasiddha. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Which of the following arguments involves a fallacy (Hetvabhasa) because the middle term is present in both positive and negative instances, thereby violating the rule that it should not be present in negative instances?