Which of the following characteristics was not discussed by Melvin M. Tumin regarding social stratification?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Natural biological differences, such as skin color or physical attributes, do not inherently dictate a system of social inequality or structured hierarchy. Reason R: Societies establish hierarchies through rational and objective mechanisms that determine the intrinsic value of specific traits like height and gender to maintain social order. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Functionalist theory posits that social stratification is an essential mechanism for maintaining societal stability and fulfilling societal needs. Reason R: Societies maintain this stability by implementing a reward system that ensures all roles are assigned equal value and symbolic rewards regardless of their complexity. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: