Which of the following areas is defined as a reduced net area to account for stress concentrations at holes and shear lag effects when not all elements of the cross-section are connected to transmit the load?

The strength and size specification of a butt weld is primary specified by its:

As per IS 800, the maximum bending moment for the design of purlins can be taken as (where W is the total distributed load including wind load on purlins and L is the effective span/centre distance of supports):