Research Methodology · Experimental Designs
Which of the following accurately describes why pre-experimental designs, such as the one-shot case study, are highly vulnerable to internal validity threats and are often used merely as pilot explorations?
Verified Solution4 OptionsUpdated: October 2026👁️1 View
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- 1They completely lack control groups and random assignment, rendering them weak in establishing definitive causality.✓
- 2They involve multiple observations before and after an intervention to detect its effect over an extended period.
- 3They focus entirely on identifying and measuring the strength of relationships between variables without manipulating them.
- 4They include comparison groups formed through non-random assignment, leading to potential pre-existing differences.
Correct answer
They completely lack control groups and random assignment, rendering them weak in establishing definitive causality.
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