Which informal fallacy is committed in the following argument? 'The quality of higher education in our country has been declining for years. Therefore we can conclude beyond doubt that university teachers are not doing their job these days.'

Deductive reasoning (deduction) proceeds from:

Which of the following statements is logically equivalent to the statement: 'No liquids are beverages'?

Given below are two propositions: 1. All philosophers are fallible. (Universal Affirmative - A proposition)2. Hegel is not fallible. (Which implies 'Some philosophers are not fallible' - Particular Negative - O proposition) In the classical square of opposition, what is the relation between these two propositions?