Which 18th-century ruler introduced a new calendar, new coinage, and new systems of weights and measures, organized a disciplined standing army, built a modern arsenal, and promoted sericulture and trade?

Read the following statements about the successor states of 18th-century India: (i) Bengal, Hyderabad, and Awadh are considered as prominent successor states of the Mughal Empire. (ii) The founders of these successor states never formally declared their complete independence from the Mughal suzerainty. Choose the correct code:

The structure of society underwent many changes in the 18th century which had a bearing both on the functioning of the states and the growth of the economy: A. There was consolidation and expansion of the holders of superior rights in land. B. There was consolidation and expansion of the trading-cum-banking community. C. The giving of ijaras to zamindars and taluqdars led to strengthening of centralization of the state. D. There was the rise of a class of petty gentry-cum-rich peasants in the countryside. E. Mahajan-cum-sahukars obtained ijara in their own names. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: