Chemistry · Environmental Nanotechnology

When they come in contact with the target contaminant, nanoparticles can detoxify or immobilize contaminants via a pump-and-treat process or in situ application. Which of the following statements are appropriately associated with nanoparticle application for the remediation of contaminants? 1. Nanoparticles, due to their extremely small size, can penetrate into small pores in the soil or sediment. 2. By Brownian motion, nanoparticles move freely in soil to target sites. 3. Nanoparticles either degrade the targeted complex molecule or adsorb to the contaminant to immobilize it. 4. Nanoparticles can remain suspended in soil water for a very short period only and react with target molecules in situ processes. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: