What is the need for having a historically valid science curriculum? (a) It helps understand how social factors influence the development of science. (b) It helps the learner to view science as infallible. (c) It helps learners appreciate how the concepts of science evolve with time. (d) It helps to highlight the achievement of western countries in science.

A teacher notices during a lesson on force and motion that some students are confused. She conducts a short test in the middle of the lesson to identify misconceptions and adjusts her teaching approach based on the results. What kind of assessment is the teacher conducting?

In a school project work, such as one on 'Water Conservation' where students design models, present findings, and submit detailed reports, assessment can be done through: