The specific statements that inform what is to be done, what is not to be done, and do not allow for any flexibility or discretion, represent which type of plan?

Consider the following statements about 'Planning': I. The idea of planning first emerged in applied form, and its theoretical concepts came later. II. Planning strictly means judicious utilization of indigenous resources only. III. Planning needs to have specific goals and objectives. Which of the above statements are correct?

Which of the following is NOT a key intellectual quality required by a manager to succeed in planning?