Biology · Ecology and Evolution

The Satpura Hypothesis suggests that the Satpura Range in central India acted as a bridge for the migration of Malayan taxa into peninsular India. However, empirical observations do not fully support this hypothesis. Consider the following alternative biogeographic explanations that have been proposed: A. The shared characteristics of some Malayan fauna and that of peninsular India are due to convergent evolution in similar environments. B. The said flora and fauna originated in the Indian subcontinent and then dispersed to Southeast Asia ('out-of-India'). C. Vicariance biogeography split ancestral populations, leading to the diversification of species. D. Pleistocene glaciation created conditions for the dispersal of high-altitude Himalayan taxa to the Western Ghats. Which combination of the above statements has been widely analyzed or proposed as alternatives or modifications in the context of this biogeographical puzzle?