The method used to estimate energy expenditure directly through the measurement of heat production by the body is called:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): The body uses carbohydrates as a primary energy source when adequately supplied, thereby sparing protein for tissue building. Reason (R): The process wherein adequate carbohydrates prevent dietary protein from being oxidized for energy is called the protein-sparing action of carbohydrates. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:

Match the dietary items/components in List-I with their lipid metabolism effects in List-II: List-I a. Olive oil (MUFA) b. Fish (Omega-3 fatty acids) c. Butter (Saturated fatty acids) d. Red meat List-II i. High exogenous cholesterol content ii. Lowers LDL without lowering HDL cholesterol iii. Decreases production of triglycerides and LDL iv. Increases LDL cholesterol and triglycerides