The distance from the point of intersection to the apex of a simple circular curve is known as the external distance. The vertical distance between the point of intersection and the center of the curve is given by the:

In survey work using a total station with reflector measurements, which of the following sequence of temporary adjustments must be performed at a station?

While carrying out a total station survey on one bank of a 250 m wide river, it is necessary to plot electric transmission posts on the opposite bank. No provision exists for crossing the river and the posts are inaccessible. In which mode should the survey work be done?