Stars appear to be higher in the sky than they actually are due to which optical phenomenon?

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the laws of refraction when a straw appears bent in a glass of water? Statement 1: The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal lie in the same plane. Statement 2: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.

A ray of light travels from air into three media A, B, and C with different optical densities. Refer to the table given below and identify X, Y, Z, and W: TransitionChange in speed of lightChange in frequency of lightChange in wavelength of lightAir to medium AXYDecreasesAir to medium B (less dense than air)IncreasesNo changeZAir to medium C (same density as air)Remains sameWNo change