Sociologists note that political authority is not based on territory in which type of society, resulting in the absence of a specialized political institution like the state?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Stateless societies achieve social stability by centralizing power within a formal state entity that utilizes sovereign law and coercive force. Reason R: In many traditional societies, social order is maintained through functional dynamics such as kinship, rituals, and communal consensus rather than centralized control. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Which of the following is also commonly referred to as an 'interest group'?