Simmi's mother noticed that Simmi completed a highly challenging assignment after dedicating an hour of focused effort. To encourage this study habit, her mother gifted her a beautiful pen. Which psychological principle is Simmi's mother applying?

In a classroom, a teacher repeatedly pairs a particular sound with handing out homework. Over time, students react to the sound with disappointment even before homework is given. Which learning theory best explains this scenario?

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, in which stage is the conditioned response (CR) elicited directly by the conditioned stimulus (CS)?