Research has indicated that children come to the classroom with ideas about science concepts that may be different from scientific ideas. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of these alternative conceptions?

A teacher notices during a lesson on force and motion that some students are confused. She conducts a short test in the middle of the lesson to identify misconceptions and adjusts her teaching approach based on the results. What kind of assessment is the teacher conducting?

In a school project work, such as one on 'Water Conservation' where students design models, present findings, and submit detailed reports, assessment can be done through: