Rashmi encourages her students to observe their surroundings and asks them to elaborate on what they have observed. Which of the following maxims of teaching is being followed by her?

Before entering the classroom, a teacher asks himself, 'What changes in the behaviour of the students can I bring about through this lesson?' Such intended changes constitute the teacher's:

A class V teacher gave students a task to write a story. While students are writing, the teacher walks around the class helping those who make errors or ask for new words. Here, the teacher is playing the role of a: