Rajesh believes that it is important to return a lost wallet containing money to its owner because 'it's the right thing to do, and it's what good citizens do.' According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage or level of moral reasoning is Rajesh demonstrating?

An 11-year-old faces a dilemma: return a lost wallet or keep it. The child reasons that returning it is right because 'if I lost something, I would want someone to do the same for me.' Which moral concept is most evident in this child's thinking?

Critics argue that Kohlberg's theory of moral development may not be universally applicable across all cultures because it places a higher emphasis on an ____________ orientation rather than a ____________ orientation.