In which costing system are costs first traced to organizational units (such as a department or plant) rather than to specific activities, and then allocated to products?

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): A higher Profit-Volume (P/V) ratio indicates greater profitability potential. Reason (R): P/V ratio measures contribution earned per rupee of sales. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The cost variance that arises specifically due to abnormal idle time is classified under: