In Malthusian theory, which mechanism was considered inevitable for correcting the imbalance between population and resources when preventive measures fail?

According to the Malthusian Theory of Population, excessive population growth relative to food supply is controlled by ________ checks (such as war, famine, and epidemics) which increase mortality, and ________ checks (such as moral restraint) which lower fertility.

Which statement best reflects Thomas Malthus's fundamental view on overpopulation?