In a thin cylindrical pressure vessel, if the circumferential (hoop) stress is 400 GPa, then the longitudinal stress would be:

The principal strains recorded for a rectangular panel subject to biaxial loading are ε11 = 100 × 10-6 and ε22 = -50 × 10-6. The magnitude of maximum shear strain is ____ × 10-6.

A steel rod of length 1 m is fixed at one end and free at the other end. It is subjected to a temperature rise of 20°C. If the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material is 20 × 10-6/°C, what is the thermal strain produced in the rod (in terms of × 10-6)?