If R is the radius of the circular curve, θ is the total deflection angle, S is the shift, and L is the length of the transition curve, then the total tangent length of the curve is given by:

In survey work using a total station with reflector measurements, which of the following sequence of temporary adjustments must be performed at a station?

While carrying out a total station survey on one bank of a 250 m wide river, it is necessary to plot electric transmission posts on the opposite bank. No provision exists for crossing the river and the posts are inaccessible. In which mode should the survey work be done?