Biology · Cell Biology

Human prostate cancer cells expressing urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) readily metastasize when injected into experimental animals. A scientist genetically modified prostate cancer cells to evaluate the roles of uPA and its receptor (uPAR). Consider the following potential observations: A. Overexpressing a mutant version of the uPA protein that does not bind to its receptor led to primary tumor formation but significantly reduced metastasis. B. Overexpressing a mutant version of the uPA protein that does not bind to its receptor led to enhanced tumor formation as well as metastasis. C. Overexpressing a soluble, secreted version of the uPA receptor (which competes for uPA binding) led to tumor formation but significantly reduced metastasis. D. Overexpressing a secreted version of the uPA receptor reduced primary tumor formation as well as metastasis. Which of the following options represents the combination of all correct observations?