Given below are two statements: Statement I: The semiotic approach in communication emphasises the manipulative power of the text. Statement II: It is the ideological approach that questions the basic value systems in different societies in order to help seek a new humanism. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labeled as Reason R. Assertion (A): Research has shown that the two-step flow theory is oversimplified for every field of interest. Reason (R): People tend to make great use of the media now in their respective interests. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

The doctrine of individualism, as a political concept reflected in communication models, is identified as a/an: