Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall are the key elements of climate. Reason R: Climate refers to the average weather conditions of a given area over a long period of time (typically 30 years or more). In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

With reference to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), consider the following statements: I. It is an eastward-moving tropical disturbance rather than a stationary atmospheric trough. II. It is associated with alternating phases of enhanced and suppressed cloudiness, convection and rainfall. III. It generally operates within the tropical belt between 30°N and 30°S latitudes. IV. It can influence monsoon variability as well as tropical cyclone activity. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Which of the following correctly explains the formation of clouds in the atmosphere?