Given below are two statements, labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R): Assertion (A): After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and fights off the target viruses and bacteria. Reason (R): Vaccines work by training and preparing the body's natural defenses—the immune system—to recognize and fight off the specific viruses and bacteria they target.

With reference to cancer metastasis, consider the following pairs: Term — Description I. Metastasis — Spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs II. Tumour microenvironment — Cellular and molecular surroundings influencing tumour growth III. Benign tumour — Tumour with unlimited invasive metastatic potential How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Prevention of non-communicable diseases requires modification of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise and smoking to reduce: