Physics · Electromagnetic Waves
For sky wave propagation through the ionosphere, where refractive index is n, N is electron density, f is frequency, fc is critical frequency, vg is group velocity, and vp is phase velocity, the following statements are given: (A) n > 1, shows 81Nf2 is positive (B) n < 1, shows 81Nf2 is positive (C) n < 1, shows 81Nf2 < 1 (D) vg × vp = c2 (E) n = 0, shows 81Nf2 = 1, f = fc Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Verified Solution4 OptionsUpdated: October 2026👁️1 View
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- 1(A), (D) only
- 2(B), (D) only
- 3(B), (C), (D), (E) only✓
- 4(A), (D), (E) only
Correct answer
(B), (C), (D), (E) only
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