Biology · Human Health and Diseases

Consider the following statements regarding vaccine development and dynamics: a) Higher immunogenicity always directly translates into proportionally higher clinical efficacy in every individual. b) Intranasal vaccines can be engineered or updated to include spike proteins representing newer viral mutations. c) The market demand for primary vaccination series often decreases significantly after major pandemic waves peak. d) The development of an intranasal vaccine platform introduces a novel approach to achieving mucosal immunity. Which of the statements given above are true?