Economics · Resources and Infrastructure

Consider the following statements regarding the global copper crunch and the electric vehicle (EV) transition: I. The copper demand elasticity with respect to EV adoption remaining consistently above 1 implies that copper consumption rises proportionally slower than EV sales, allowing global supply to adjust without major structural constraints. II. A structural copper deficit can affect not only EV manufacturing but also renewable-energy grid expansion because copper is a foundational input for transmission networks, charging systems, and electric motors. III. The long development timelines for new copper mines reflect low capital intensity in the sector, allowing supply to expand rapidly once global prices rise. IV. Declining ore grades in major copper-producing regions increase the marginal cost of extraction, potentially widening supply–demand gaps even during phases of high global prices. How many of the above statements are correct?