General Studies · Organisational Behaviour & Theory
Consider the following statements about Chester Barnard's contributions to management theory: 1. Barnard introduced the concept of 'bottom-up authority,' meaning authority is effective only when accepted by the subordinate. 2. Barnard identified three conditions for an organisation to exist: communication, willingness to contribute, and shared purpose. 3. Barnard's concept of organisational equilibrium refers to the balance between formal and informal organisational structures. 4. Barnard distinguished between formal organisations (consciously coordinated, goal-directed) and informal organisations (spontaneous social interactions). Which statements are correct?
- 11, 2, 3, and 4
- 22, 3, and 4 only
- 31, 2, and 4 only✓
- 41, 2, and 3 only
Correct answer
1, 2, and 4 only
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