Christina took her class for a field trip before starting a new chapter. After returning, she discussed the trip with her students to understand their insights and guide the upcoming lessons. This practice is best conceptualized as:

Assessment for learning includes: (i) Assessment before, during, and after teaching-learning (ii) Self-assessment by learners (iii) Formal as well as informal procedures (iv) Feedback for students and adjustment of the teaching-learning process

Assessment ______ learning influences learning by reinforcing the _____ between assessment and instruction.