Assertion (A): A teacher always teaches their students, 'Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others'. Reason (R): 'Good boy-nice girl' orientation is the stage that explains good behavior in Kohlberg's moral development theory.

An 11-year-old faces a dilemma: return a lost wallet or keep it. The child reasons that returning it is right because 'if I lost something, I would want someone to do the same for me.' Which moral concept is most evident in this child's thinking?

Critics argue that Kohlberg's theory of moral development may not be universally applicable across all cultures because it places a higher emphasis on an ____________ orientation rather than a ____________ orientation.