An ideal shunt Zener voltage regulator provides a regulated output of 5.7 V. Determine the required value of the load resistance if the load current is 1 mA, assuming that the Zener diode operates in its stable breakdown region.

In a circuit with two identical series-connected NMOS transistors where the top transistor has its gate connected to a 20 V supply and drain connected to a 20 V supply, and both have a threshold voltage of 2 V, neglecting channel length modulation and body effect, what is the output voltage Vout at the source of the top NMOS?

For a BJT transistor with α = 0.98, if the emitter current is 5 mA, what is the base current?