A steel built-up column is subjected to a factored axial force of 3000 kN. As per Indian Standards, the lacing system for the column has to be designed to resist a transverse shear force equal to:

A lap joint is secured using four 20-mm nominal rivets (WSM). What is the closest shear capacity of the rivet group?

Bars of nominal diameter 16 mm are used in compression for an RCC work consisting of M30 grade concrete, for which the design bond stress (τbd) is 1.5 N/mm2. The stress in the bars at design load is 50 N/mm2. What is the development length (Ld) of the bars as per IS: 456-2000? (Note: account for the 25% increase in bond stress for bars in compression.)