A listener, while listening, focuses on specific details, recognizes cognates, and identifies word order patterns. What is this listening process known as?

Which of the following activities/tasks aim at promoting top-down listening processes? (a) Multiple choice questions (b) Extrapolative questions (c) Dictation (d) Creating an abstract

Which of the following activities/tasks aim at promoting bottom-up listening processes? (i) Dictation (ii) Cloze tasks (iii) Summarizing (iv) Extrapolative questions