A is required for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, and a deficiency of it causes B. It is an endemic deficiency disease as it is usually suffered by people living in C regions. Deficiency of 'A' also causes D in children. Identify A, B, C, and D respectively.

With reference to cancer metastasis, consider the following pairs: Term — Description I. Metastasis — Spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs II. Tumour microenvironment — Cellular and molecular surroundings influencing tumour growth III. Benign tumour — Tumour with unlimited invasive metastatic potential How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Prevention of non-communicable diseases requires modification of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise and smoking to reduce: