With the usual notations in the generated EMF equation Eg = φZN60 × PA of a DC machine, what is the value of the ratio PA if the winding is LAP WOUND?

A DC shunt motor is running at its rated speed. If a rheostat connected in the field circuit is adjusted such that the resistance of the field winding circuit increases, what will be the effect on the motor speed, assuming the supply voltage and load torque remain constant?

In large DC machines, how is the demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing effect of armature reaction effectively neutralized?